{"id":37122,"date":"2018-03-20T20:33:17","date_gmt":"2018-03-20T17:33:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/?p=37122"},"modified":"2019-03-29T10:01:45","modified_gmt":"2019-03-29T07:01:45","slug":"tart-rie-encyklopedicky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/tart-rie-encyklopedicky\/","title":{"rendered":"Tart\u00e1rie encyklopedicky"},"content":{"rendered":"

Velk\u00e1 Tart\u00e1rie<\/b><\/a> - (lat. Magna Tartaria, fr. Grande Tartarie, angl. Great Tartary, n\u011bm. Gro\u00dfe Tartarei, hebr. \u200f\u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05e0\u05b7\u05e2\u05b7\u05df\u200f\u200e , arab. \u06a9\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0646\u200e). Sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1zvu se nedochovala. Transkontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed protost\u00e1t, kter\u00fd ze z\u00e1padu k v\u00fdchodu zahrnoval celou Asii od \u0159eky Don po Bering\u016fv pr\u016fliv a od Severn\u00edho ledov\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu a\u017e po Indick\u00fd oce\u00e1n ze severu na jih a maj\u00edc\u00ed protektor\u00e1ty mezi \u0159ekami R\u00fdn a Oka, v Mal\u00e9 Asii, Persii a Babylonu a tak\u00e9 v Africe a Severn\u00ed Americe.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00edm hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem byl Tartar na \u0159ece Tartar (nyn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed Jakutska v doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159eky Kolyma). Pozd\u011bji v r\u016fzn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch bylo hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie Kambalu (Chanbalyk) stoj\u00edc\u00ed v m\u00edst\u011b dne\u0161n\u00ed obce Arka v Chabarovsk\u00e9m kraji. Pozd\u011bji Kara-Kurum, kde se dnes nach\u00e1z\u00ed lokalita v oblasti Krasnojarsk\u00e9ho kraje zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako \u010cern\u00e9 kameny. Pot\u00e9 byly hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Grustina (Tomsk), Tobolsk, Astracha\u0148, Moskva a Samarkand.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1zev zem\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed z etnonyma jednoho z v minulosti nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tartarsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f, kter\u00fd pova\u017eoval za sv\u00e9ho zakladatele ch\u00e1na jm\u00e9nem Tartar, jen\u017e byl bratrem ch\u00e1na\u00a0Mogulla\u00a0a bl\u00edzk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm kn\u00ed\u017eat Rusa, Slovena, \u010cecha a Lecha.<\/p>\n

\"Tart\u00e1rie<\/p>\n

\"\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
vytvo\u0159en\u00ed st\u00e1tu<\/b><\/td>\ndruh\u00e1 polovina V. \u2013 prvn\u00ed polovina IV. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyk<\/b><\/td>\narabsk\u00fd, mogulsk\u00fd, rusk\u00fd, turksk\u00fd, jugursk\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto<\/b><\/td>\nKara-Kurum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
velk\u00e1 m\u011bsta<\/b><\/td>\nArsana, Attil, Vladimir, Herat, Grustina, Kaza\u0148, Kamabalu, Kara-Kurum, Kinsaj, Kostroma, Moskva, Novgorod, Perm, Samara, Samarkand, Samarov, Tartar, Tver, Tenduk, Chorassan, Carica, Jaroslavl<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
forma vl\u00e1dy<\/b><\/td>\nsm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1, monarchisticko-republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
forma st\u00e1tn\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<\/b><\/td>\nkonfederace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hlava st\u00e1tu<\/b><\/td>\nVelk\u00fd Ch\u00e1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hlavy subjekt\u016f<\/b><\/td>\nch\u00e1nov\u00e9<\/a>, carov\u00e9, gosuda\u0159i, kn\u00ed\u017eata, vojvodov\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dci<\/b><\/td>\nOgus-ch\u00e1n, Ivan Velik\u00fd (Presviter Ioann) a jeho bratr Ken (Ung-Garich-Goroch-\u017dor-Gor), \u010cingis-ch\u00e1n<\/a>, Mangu-ch\u00e1n, Tamerl\u00e1n, Smaragd (Ivan Hrozn\u00fd<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed (nest\u00e1tn\u00ed)<\/b><\/td>\nnestori\u00e1nstv\u00ed, isl\u00e1m, ari\u00e1nstv\u00ed (zoroastrismus<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
valuta<\/b><\/td>\nh\u0159ivny, ruble, dirchemy, rialy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rozloha<\/b><\/td>\nnejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
p\u0159edch\u016fdce<\/b><\/td>\n\u0158\u00ed\u0161e Ro\u0161<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pr\u00e1vn\u00ed n\u00e1stupce<\/b><\/td>\nofici\u00e1ln\u011b Rusk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, fakticky Svat\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
obyvatelstvo<\/b><\/td>\np\u016fvodn\u011b 755 milion\u016f obyvatel, v roce 1865 8 milion\u016f obyvatel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
n\u00e1zvy nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f<\/b><\/td>\nAlani, Antov\u00e9, Bodri\u010di, Varjagov\u00e9, Venedi, Vjati\u010di, Drangov\u00e9, Drevljan\u011b, Dregovi\u010di, Karlikov\u00e9, Kajsakov\u00e9, Kalmaci, Karaimov\u00e9, Kergizov\u00e9, Kip\u010daci, Krivi\u010di, M\u011b\u0161\u010derjakov\u00e9, Mogullov\u00e9, Os\u0165jaci, Polovci, Poljani, Pom\u011brancov\u00e9, Prusov\u00e9, Rusov\u00e9, Sarmati, Skyfov\u00e9, Slov\u011bni, Tarta\u0159i, Tungusov\u00e9, Turkomani, \u010ceremisov\u00e9, \u010cerkasov\u00e9, Jugurov\u00e9, Jukagirov\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
z\u00e1nik<\/b><\/td>\nObsazen\u00ed britsk\u00fdmi jednotkami etiopsk\u00e9 pevnosti Magdala 13. dubna (25) 1868, s n\u00e1slednou sebevra\u017edou potomka Presvitera Ionna - kr\u00e1le Etiopie Fjodora II. a obsazen\u00ed Samarkandu po \u00fatoku 26. kv\u011btna (14) 1868 vojskem Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e pod velen\u00edm gener\u00e1la K. P. Kaufmana.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Historie<\/h2>\n

Starov\u011bk\u00fd sv\u011bt a st\u0159edov\u011bk<\/h3>\n

Velk\u00e1 Tart\u00e1rie byla v p\u0159edhistorick\u00e9 period\u011b m\u00edstem usazen\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f v\u0161ech n\u00e1rod\u016f b\u00edl\u00e9 rasy - \u00c1rij\u016f nebo Hyperborejc\u016f. V neolitick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed existovalo na \u00fazem\u00ed Tart\u00e1rie n\u011bkolik na pam\u00e1tky bohat\u00fdch starov\u011bk\u00fdch kultur. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed Tart\u00e1rie byla kulturn\u011b propojena se sousedn\u00ed Horn\u00ed Indi\u00ed, na jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fazem\u00ed bylo objeveno velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed megalit\u016f. B\u011bhem pozdn\u00ed doby bronzov\u00e9 a \u010dasn\u00e9 doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 teritorium Tart\u00e1rie os\u00eddlily kmeny Tartar\u016f, Mogull\u016f, Skyf\u016f, Sarmat\u016f, Rus\u016f, Slov\u011bn\u016f, Per\u0161an\u016f a Turk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Na konci \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed v d\u016fsledku dobyva\u010dn\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed vojska Alexandra Makedonsk\u00e9ho ztratila Velk\u00e1 Tart\u00e1rie kontrolu nad Anatoli\u00ed, Babylonem a Persi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na konci 12. stolet\u00ed se zamiloval mlad\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk z kmene Mogull\u016f jm\u00e9nem Temud\u017ein do dcery Ivana Velik\u00e9ho Borty Ku-\u010cen. Otec d\u00edvky v\u0161ak nesouhlasil s jejich s\u0148atkem, co\u017e poslou\u017eilo jako za\u010d\u00e1tek v\u00e1lky mezi Kara-Kurumem a spojen\u00fdmi vojsky pod veden\u00edm Tamud\u017eina. Z\u00e1klad jeho arm\u00e1dy tvo\u0159ili krajan\u00e9 \u2013 Mogullov\u00e9 a jim p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 kmeny Tartar\u016f. Tyto n\u00e1rody ob\u00fdvaly nejvzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed severov\u00fdchod zem\u011b, provincie Mongul, Melar a Tenduk, pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za rodov\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed m\u00fdtick\u00e9ho Goga a Magoga (nyn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed Jakutska, Kolymy a \u010cukotky).<\/p>\n

V t\u00e9 v\u00e1lce byla arm\u00e1da Presvitera Ioanna zcela pora\u017eena a s\u00e1m Ioann padl v bitv\u011b rukou Temud\u017eina. Tak d\u0159\u00edve m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fd vojev\u016fdce usedl na tr\u016fn Velk\u00e9ho Ch\u00e1na a vstoupil do d\u011bjin pod jm\u00e9nem \u010cingis-ch\u00e1n. A Borta Ku \u010cen byla a\u017e do smrti jeho milovanou man\u017eelkou a matkou jeho d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u010cingisch\u00e1n a jeho nejmilej\u0161\u00ed \u017eena Borta Ku-\u010cen<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pro obnoven\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku a nastolen\u00ed m\u00edru bylo provedeno rusk\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed B\u00e1t\u00fa-ch\u00e1na, kter\u00e9 historici naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem \"mongolsko-tatarsk\u00e9ho jha\". V d\u016fsledku t\u00e9to kampan\u011b byla obnovena vl\u00e1da v Moskevsk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rii, Bulgarii (Povol\u017e\u00ed<\/i>), Tavrii) a v Kyjev\u011b. Jejich obyvatelstvo bylo tartarizirov\u00e1no a k XV. stolet\u00ed mluvilo jazykem arabsk\u00fdm a rusk\u00fdm, kter\u00fd se pak stal z\u00e1kladem modern\u00edho rusk\u00e9ho, ukrajinsk\u00e9ho a b\u011blorusk\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\n

\"\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435<\/a>
Henri Chatelain: Genealogie Des Anciens Empereurs Tartares, Descendus De Genghiscan, 1719, (ve vysok\u00e9m rozli\u0161en\u00ed zde<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V tomt\u00e9\u017e obdob\u00ed byly podniknuty kroky ke znemo\u017en\u011bn\u00ed opakov\u00e1n\u00ed moskevsk\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e ud\u00e1lost\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem se \u0160eibani-ch\u00e1n postavil do \u010dela pochodu proti Borussii, jeho\u017e v\u00fdsledkem byl nekrvav\u00fd p\u0159esun v\u011bt\u0161iny rusk\u00fdch kn\u00ed\u017eat i se sv\u00fdmi pos\u00e1dkami do Pruska, Pomo\u0159anska a Saska. Zem\u011b Borussia byla p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1na na \u0160vabii podle sv\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce \u0160eibani. A Murzov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed s n\u00edm p\u0159i\u0161li, polo\u017eili z\u00e1klady pro budouc\u00ed n\u011bmeckou \u0161lechtu \u2013 barony.<\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 15. stolet\u00ed Tamurbek-ch\u00e1n (Tamerlan) vr\u00e1til do sv\u00e9ho vlastnictv\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 kdysi zabral Alexandr Makedonsk\u00fd. Sou\u010dasn\u011b se v\u0161ak s\u00e1m pokusil odtrhnout od Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie t\u00edm, \u017ee vytvo\u0159il vlastn\u00ed Nez\u00e1vislou Tart\u00e1rii s hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem v Samarkandu. P\u0159estal platit dan\u011b a prohl\u00e1sil se vl\u00e1dcem Turanu (Turanem se v tomto obdob\u00ed naz\u00fdvaly v\u0161echny zem\u011b v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Uralu k Beringovu pr\u016flivu). Byl p\u0159edvol\u00e1n do Kara-Kurumu, aby to vysv\u011btlil Velk\u00e9mu Ch\u00e1novi, ale rozhodl se tam j\u00edt s vojskem, aby si provincii Katai a cel\u00fd Turan podmanil. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to kampan\u011b v\u0161ak zem\u0159el.<\/p>\n

Novov\u011bk<\/h2>\n

V XVI. stolet\u00ed zni\u010dila katastrofa glob\u00e1ln\u00edho dosahu obrovsk\u00fdmi bahenn\u00edmi proudy ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Uralu. Toho vyu\u017eil Smaragd (Ivan Hrozn\u00fd) a zapo\u010dal anexi \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstala bez vl\u00e1dy. Objeven\u00ed se nov\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f-samozvanc\u016f v\u0161ak vyvolalo obrovsk\u00e9 protesty mezi potomky \u010cingis-ch\u00e1na. Prvn\u00ed povst\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1670 vedl Alexej Georgijevi\u010d \u010cerkassk\u00fd, jeho\u017e hlavn\u00edm vojev\u016fdcem byl gener\u00e1l jm\u00e9nem St\u011bpan Razin.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1lky St\u011bpana Razina<\/h2>\n

Rodokmen kn\u00ed\u017eat \u010cerkassk\u00fdch byl odvozov\u00e1n od egyptsk\u00fdch faraon\u016f, proto se Velk\u00fd kn\u00ed\u017ee Alexej Georgijevi\u010d pova\u017eoval za jedin\u00e9ho opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9ho d\u011bdice tr\u016fnu Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie. Av\u0161ak v\u00e1lka o moskevsk\u00fd tr\u016fn byla ztracena z \u0159ady objektivn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f, z nich\u017e nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm bylo zni\u010den\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed materi\u00e1ln\u00edch i lidsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f kataklyzmatem, kdy se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed Turanu zm\u011bnilo v pustinu a Velk\u00e1 Tart\u00e1rie se zmen\u0161ila do velikosti zem\u00ed Turkest\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem por\u00e1\u017eky Tart\u00e1rie v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce byl vznik a upevn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edmost\u00ed Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 pod\u00e9l Baltsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e, co\u017e dovolilo Petrovi I. ve spojenectv\u00ed se sask\u00fdm kurfi\u0159tem, vl\u00e1dcem Rzeczpospolita, Augustem II. a kr\u00e1lem D\u00e1nska a Norska Christianem V. za\u010d\u00edt v\u00e1lky proti \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li Karlu XII., kter\u00fd z\u016fstal v\u011brn\u00fd Tart\u00e1rii. A tak posledn\u00ed zbytek Tart\u00e1rie v Evrop\u011b - zem\u011b G\u00f3t\u016f, Vandal\u016f, Svei\u016f (starov\u011bk\u00fd kmen \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed \u0160v\u00e9dska) a Murman\u016f byl pora\u017een a v roce 1721 se stal sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9. Od t\u00e9 chv\u00edle byla Evropa ji\u017e zcela mimo vliv Tart\u00e1rie a hranice mezi Evropou a Asi\u00ed byla p\u0159esunuta z \u0159eky Don a\u017e na Ural.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1lka Jemeljana Izmoguljova<\/h2>\n

Rod Izmajlov\u00fdch odvozuje sv\u016fj po\u010d\u00e1tek od Tamurbeka-ch\u00e1na, to je od Tamerl\u00e1na. A potomek tohoto rodu - Jemeljan Ivanovi\u010d Izmogullov (Izmajlov) - vstoupil do d\u011bjin jako Jemelka Puga\u010dov. V roce 1773 vedl druhou osvobozeneckou v\u00e1lku proti moskevsk\u00fdm bojar\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed si nez\u00e1konn\u011b usurpovali moc. Av\u0161ak stejn\u011b jako prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lka byla i tato ztracena.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem por\u00e1\u017eky Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce byla rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 pomoc Evropy, kter\u00e1 operovala z p\u0159edmost\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho potomky klanu Oldenburg\u016f na b\u0159ez\u00edch \u0159eky N\u011bvy. A toto v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, i kdy\u017e nezbavilo imper\u00e1tory z Petrohradu form\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti na Moskv\u011b, p\u0159esto umo\u017enilo dal\u0161\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 hluboko do Asie a na jih.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/a>Vlasteneck\u00e1 v\u00e1lka 1812<\/h2>\n

K z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pln\u00e9 kontroly nad Moskevskou Tart\u00e1ri\u00ed byla v roce 1812 zah\u00e1jena dal\u0161\u00ed vlasteneck\u00e1 (ob\u010dansk\u00e1) v\u00e1lka. Sjednocen\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly Evropy pod veden\u00edm M. I. Kutuzova a Napoleona Bonaparte uskute\u010dnily blitzkrieg ke b\u0159eh\u016fm Volhy. A\u010dkoli \u00fakol nebyl zcela spln\u011bn, Moskva b\u011blokamenn\u00e1, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b muslimsk\u00e1, p\u0159estala existovat. Vl\u00e1da od t\u00e9to chv\u00edle se dostala pln\u011b do rukou rodu Oldenburg\u016f, posledn\u00ed hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie bylo radik\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159estav\u011bno podle evropsk\u00e9 man\u00fdry a v\u0161echny me\u0161ity se prom\u011bnily na kostely a katedr\u00e1ly \u0159ecko-v\u00fdchodn\u00ed rusk\u00e9 c\u00edrkve, kter\u00e1 se od roku 1943 naz\u00fdv\u00e1 rusk\u00e1 pravoslavn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Po pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se Moskevsk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie Petrohradu je\u0161t\u011b nad\u00e1le existovaly posledn\u00ed enkl\u00e1vy, \u010d\u00e1sti b\u00fdval\u00e9 Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie v Turkest\u00e1nu a Etiopii. V roce 1868 v\u0161ak byl i Turkest\u00e1n nakonec podman\u011bn arm\u00e1dou gener\u00e1la K. P. Kaufmanna a Etiopii si zabrali Angli\u010dan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/a>P\u0159ehled \u00fazemn\u00edch ztr\u00e1t Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie do za\u010d\u00e1tku XX. stolet\u00ed<\/h2>\n

1774 - P\u0159eveden\u00ed Bejr\u00fatu do Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a Malajsie k Holandsku a Anglii;
\n1783 - P\u0159eveden\u00ed souostrov\u00ed Kyklady v Egejsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i k Osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i;
\n1836 - P\u0159eveden\u00ed Havaje Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm;
\n1841 - P\u0159eveden\u00ed Kalifornie k USA a Chile form\u00e1ln\u011b ke \u0160pan\u011blsku, ale ve skute\u010dnosti Francii, proto\u017ee chilsk\u00e1 kolonie byla majetkem Bourbon\u016f tehdy vl\u00e1dnouc\u00edch i \u0160pan\u011blsku;
\n1855 - P\u0159eveden\u00ed Japonsku \u010dty\u0159 ostrov\u016f Kurilsk\u00e9ho h\u0159betu a severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Hokkaida;
\n1867 - P\u0159eveden\u00ed aleutsk\u00e9ho souostrov\u00ed, \u00fazem\u00ed v oblasti Hudsonova z\u00e1livu, Alja\u0161ky, Washingtonu a Colorada pod jurisdikc\u00ed USA;\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201eKrymsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka\u201c<\/h2>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti to bylo pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011blen\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie mezi potomky klanu Oldenburg\u016f-Gotthorpe-Holstein\u016f a jejich nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 z britsk\u00e9 v\u011btve Saxen-Coburg-Gotha, nyn\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako rodina Windsor\u016f.<\/p>\n

Po t\u00e9, co spole\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fasil\u00edm postupn\u011b rozdrtili Tart\u00e1rii, v\u0161ak do\u0161lo k vnit\u0159n\u00edm rozpor\u016fm mezi klany Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9: Holstein-Gottorp a Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha. Britsk\u00fd klan usiloval o velk\u00e9 \u00fastupky ze strany sankt-petersburgsk\u00e9ho klanu, co\u017e vy\u00fastilo do dal\u0161\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed v\u00e1lky v \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. Rusk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, kter\u00e9 se stalo pr\u00e1vn\u00edm n\u00e1stupcem Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie, se zm\u011bnilo v objekt \u00fatok\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b bohat\u00e9, av\u0161ak daleko ambiciozn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Britsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Rusk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se tak paradoxn\u011b ocitla v roli Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie a na vlastn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei poc\u00edtila \u00fadery Anglosas\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se postavili do \u010dela koalice bojuj\u00edc\u00ed proti Rusku na v\u0161ech sm\u011brech: Kavkaz, Krym, Baltsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e, B\u00edl\u00e9 mo\u0159e a Tich\u00fd oce\u00e1n. Anglosasov\u00e9 byli v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce pora\u017eeni, co\u017e jim ov\u0161em nebr\u00e1n\u00ed se a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f naopak pokl\u00e1dat za v\u00edt\u011bze.<\/p>\n

Reli\u00e9f Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie<\/h2>\n

V\u00edce ne\u017e 70 % \u00fazem\u00ed Tart\u00e1rie zab\u00edraly roviny a n\u00ed\u017einy. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st zem\u011b le\u017eely na hranic\u00edch Severon\u011bmeck\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy, pro n\u00ed\u017e jsou charakteristick\u00e9 st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed se roviny, n\u00ed\u017einy a vyso\u010diny (Valdaj, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed Rusko atd.). P\u00e1s Uralu, kter\u00fd se t\u00e1hne severoji\u017en\u00edm sm\u011brem, rozd\u011bluje V\u00fdchodoevropskou rovinu a Z\u00e1padosibi\u0159skou n\u00ed\u017einu. Na v\u00fdchod od n\u00ed je Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed sibi\u0159sk\u00e1 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina s izolovan\u00fdmi horsk\u00fdmi mas\u00edvy, kter\u00e1 plynule p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do Centr\u00e1ln\u00ed jakutsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy.<\/p>\n

Ve starov\u011bku byly dne\u0161n\u00ed severn\u00ed \u00favaly daleko vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nesly n\u00e1zev Ripejsk\u00e9 hory. Poho\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se t\u00e1hlo od B\u00edl\u00e9ho mo\u0159e k delt\u011b Dunaje, nyn\u00ed neexistuje. Uralsk\u00e9 hory byly mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Altaj a Sajany byly naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny Kavkazem. Kam\u010datsk\u00fd poloostrov a\u017e do XVI. stolet\u00ed neexistoval.<\/p>\n

Vnit\u0159n\u00ed vodstvo<\/h2>\n

V\u00edce ne\u017e 20 % \u00fazem\u00ed Tart\u00e1rie zauj\u00edmaly vodn\u00ed plochy. Mezi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pat\u0159ila mo\u0159e \u010cern\u00e9 (Rusk\u00e9), Azovsk\u00e9, Chvalinsk\u00e9 (na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Poles\u00ed), Mazanderund (nyn\u00ed Kaspick\u00e9 a Aralsk\u00e9), B\u00edl\u00e9 (Ba\u0161kirsko), Katajsk\u00e9 (v centru Sibi\u0159e) a Lensk\u00e9 (na \u00fazem\u00ed Chabarovsk\u00e9ho kraje). Jezero Bajkal neexistovalo.<\/p>\n

Podneb\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Podneb\u00ed Tart\u00e1rie severn\u011b od 50. rovnob\u011b\u017eky bylo stabiln\u00ed, m\u00edrn\u011b kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed. Permafrost neexistoval a zimy na severu byly sice zasn\u011b\u017een\u00e9, ale nikdy tu nevl\u00e1dly siln\u00e9 mrazy, tak\u017ee Severn\u00ed ledov\u00fd oce\u00e1n z\u016fst\u00e1val po v\u011bt\u0161inu roku splavn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Flora a fauna<\/h2>\n

V arktick\u00e9m a subarktick\u00e9m p\u00e1su p\u0159evl\u00e1daly listnat\u00e9 lesy a lesostepi. Na jihu od Ladogy a\u017e po Dvinu (Daugava) p\u0159evl\u00e1daly stepi a polopou\u0161t\u011b. Z\u00e1padn\u011b od Valdajsk\u00e9 vrchoviny byly lesy jehli\u010dnat\u00e9 a sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9. Na \u00fazem\u00ed Turkest\u00e1nu se st\u0159\u00eddaly listnat\u00e9 lesy s lesostepmi a stepn\u00edmi z\u00f3nami.<\/p>\n

Mnoho druh\u016f pt\u00e1k\u016f, ryb, zv\u00ed\u0159at a plaz\u016f p\u0159e\u017eilo a\u017e dodnes. A n\u011bkter\u00e9 z vymizel\u00fdch se poda\u0159ilo vr\u00e1tit, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad tura, sn\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho levharta a tygra. Ale mnoho druh\u016f zmizelo nen\u00e1vratn\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich nem\u011bly ani vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9na, proto\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u0161ichni plazi byli naz\u00fdv\u00e1ni jednodu\u0161e \u201ehadi\u201c. Hadem byla u\u017eovka i krokod\u00fdl. Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee mamuty v Tart\u00e1rii naz\u00fdvali slony a byly a\u017e do druh\u00e9 poloviny XVI. stolet\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eni. Stejn\u011b jako tito \u201esloni\u201c zmizel i metagalinar, kter\u00e9ho ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bda pova\u017euje za m\u00fdtick\u00e9ho jednoro\u017ece.<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve vym\u0159eli pterosaurov\u00e9; jeden z druh\u016f se dokonce ocitl na vlajce Velk\u00e9 Tart\u00e1rie a jin\u00e9ho najdeme v socha\u0159sk\u00e9m vyobrazen\u00ed ve v\u00fdzdob\u011b tr\u016fnu Velk\u00fdch Ch\u00e1n\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"Tr\u016fn<\/a>
Tr\u016fn Velk\u00fdch Chan\u016f v Kara-Kurum, fragment st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 rytiny<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Literatura<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Abulgazi Bajaadur-ch\u00e1n: Rodokmen historie Tartar\u016f, 1663<\/li>\n
  • Alexander von Humboldt: St\u0159edn\u00ed Asie, 1843<\/li>\n
  • G. I. Spassky: Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cesty po Sibi\u0159i a zem\u00edch soused\u00edc\u00edch, 1825<\/li>\n
  • Guillaume de Rubruk: Putov\u00e1n\u00ed do v\u00fdchodn\u00edch zem\u00ed, 1255<\/li>\n
  • Daniel Defoe: Dal\u0161\u00ed dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed Robinsona Crusoea, 1719<\/li>\n
  • Marco Polo: Kniha o rozmanitosti sv\u011bta, 1291<\/li>\n
  • Nikolaas Witsen: Severn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Tart\u00e1rie, 1692<\/li>\n
  • Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo: Den\u00edk cesty do Samarkandu ke dvoru Timura, 1406<\/li>\n
  • S. U. Remezov: Chorografick\u00e1 kreslen\u00e1 kniha Sibi\u0159e, 1701<\/li>\n
  • William Guthrie: Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obecn\u00e1 geografie, 1809<\/li>\n
  • Philip Heinrich Dilthey: Prvn\u00ed z\u00e1klady Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed historie se stru\u010dnou chronologi\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed rusk\u00e9 \u0161lechty, 1762<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Velk\u00e1 Tart\u00e1rie – (lat. Magna Tartaria, fr. Grande Tartarie, angl. Great Tartary, n\u011bm. Gro\u00dfe Tartarei, hebr. \u200f\u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05e0\u05b7\u05e2\u05b7\u05df\u200f\u200e , arab. \u06a9\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0646\u200e). Sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1zvu se nedochovala. Transkontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed protost\u00e1t, kter\u00fd ze z\u00e1padu k v\u00fdchodu zahrnoval celou Asii od \u0159eky Don po Bering\u016fv pr\u016fliv a od Severn\u00edho ledov\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu a\u017e po Indick\u00fd oce\u00e1n ze severu na jih […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":36247,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[668],"tags":[721],"series":[917,12158],"class_list":{"0":"post-37122","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tartarie-cs","8":"tag-tartaria-cs","9":"series-osnovy-tartarovedenija","10":"series-osnovy-tartarovedenija-cs"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37122","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37122"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37122\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37122"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37122"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37122"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tart-aria.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=37122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}